Fully biological production of adipic acid analogs from branched catechols.

Microbial production of adipic acid from lignin-derived monomers, such as catechol, is a greener alternative to the petrochemical-based process. Here, we produced adipic acid from catechol using catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (CatA) and a muconic acid reductase (MAR) in Escherichia coli. As the reaction progressed, the pH of the media dropped from 7 to 4-5 and the muconic acid isomerized from the cis,cis (ccMA) to the cis,trans (ctMA) isomer. Feeding experiments suggested that cells preferentially uptook ctMA and that MAR efficiently reduced all muconic isomers to adipic acid. Intrigued by the substrate promiscuity of MAR, we probed its utility to produce branched chiral diacids. Using branched catechols likely found in pretreated lignin, we found that while MAR fully reduced 2-methyl-muconic acid to 2-methyl-adipic acid, MAR reduced only one double bond in 3-substituted muconic acids. In the future, MAR's substrate promiscuity could be leveraged to produce chiral-branched adipic acid analogs to generate branched, nylon-like polymers with reduced crystallinity.