饮用水检测
洁净的水对于饮用及食品饮料的生产都至关重要。地球上的水仅3%是淡水,其中某些水源中还会含有全氟辛酸(PFAS)和砷等化学污染物以及微生物污染物和病原体。即使经过处理,饮用水中的残留化学物和污染物也会超过安全和法定水平。城市、私营水处理厂和食品饮料生产厂家必须定期检测供水,确保化学和微生物污染水平保持或低于监管部门设置的合规水平。随着全球人口的增长,淡水需求预计到2030年会增加40%1,维持检测的效率和准确度将成为一项长期挑战。
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饮用水检测中的化学分析
任何生产、使用、处理饮用水的企业必须遵守国家法规并进行定期检测,确保饮用水不含化学和微生物污染。常见化学污染物包括铝、铵、溴酸盐、铁、锰、氯化物、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、硫酸盐、铬和其他金属。
当存在特定的行业环境污染物时还要追加检测。各类生产过程经常使用挥发性有机物(VOC),如石油产品、粘合剂、药品、油漆和制冷剂等生产。VOC还会作为汽油添加剂、溶剂、液压油和干洗剂使用。VOC污染关系人体健康,其中许多有机物具有毒性,是已知或疑似的人体致癌物。
饮用水检测中的微生物分析
淡水供应还会成为病原体的温床,不加以控制会导致疾病扩散和传播。逐一检测供水中的每一种病原体既耗资又耗时,因此改用指标生物检测粪便和其他污染。粪便污染检测常针对大肠菌群、大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌。
商业化饮品和水产品必须进行微生物检测,确保饮用安全性并防止腐败。原料或生产过程中的细菌、酵母、霉菌和病原体会降低成品的质量和安全性。城市和商业供水都要经常检测满足监管要求。
饮用水的消毒剂残留检测
饮用水消毒降低了致病菌感染风险,但也会产生同样威胁人体健康的残留物和消毒副产物(DBP)。另外,我们的供水水源中还可能会存在天然的有机和无机污染物。为确保用水安全,必须针对这些污染物和消毒副产物进行鉴定。
饮用水检测方法
鉴于污染水对人体和环境的危害,美国环保局(USEPA)等监管机构要求采用官方标准方法(如ISO、EPA、AOAC)检测饮用水和废水。这些技术方法包括定量检测、色谱法、分光光度法、反射法、物理参数测定(如浊点、颜色、硬度、pH、气味)和病原体检测(分子或细胞培养法)。这些质量控制试验既要在工艺过滤(絮凝和澄清等)后的输入水源中进行,也要在过滤后的输出用水中进行(如水龙头取样)。
参考文献
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