Glycosyltransferases

Glycobiology Analysis Manual, 2nd Edition

Glycosyltransferase Enzymes and Reagents

Glycosyltransferases are specific for the type of linkage (α or β), and the linkage position of the glycoside bond formed [e.g. α(1→3) or β(1→4)]. Glycosyltransferases were initially considered to be specific for a single glycosyl donor and acceptor, which led to the “one enzyme-one linkage” concept.^1,2 Subsequent observations have refuted the theory of absolute enzymatic specificity by describing the transfer of analogs of some nucleoside mono- or diphosphate sugar donors.^3‑8

Glycosyltransferases can tolerate modifications to the acceptor sugar, as long as the acceptor meets specific structural requirements, e.g., appropriate stereochemistry and availability of the reactive hydroxyl group involved in the glycosidic bond.

In contrast to organic chemical synthesis, enzymatic glycosylation has potential for application use within biological systems, where the modification of glycosylation sites may be used to investigate the regulation of cell signaling processes. Various application strategies for glycosyltransferases have employed an assortment of glycosyl donors and reaction conditions for the synthesis of carbohydrates and the glycosylation of natural products.^9,10

A major limitation to enzyme-catalyzed glycosylation reactions is the glycosyltransferase inhibition caused by nucleotide diphosphates generated during the reaction. Two strategies have been identified to prevent enzymatic inhibition (Figure 1):

1. Phosphatase is added to the reaction to degrade the nucleotide diphosphates by removal of the phosphate group (Figure 1A).¹¹
2. Nucleotide diphosphates are recycled to the appropriate nucleotide triphosphates by employing multi-enzyme regeneration schemes. Although several different enzymes and cofactors are involved in these in situ regeneration schemes, the method avoids the use of stoichiometric amounts of sugar nucleotides (Figure 1B).^12‑14

Figure 1. Methods for avoiding enzyme inhibition in glycosyltransferase-catalyzed synthesis. (A) Addition of phosphatase. (B) Recycling of sugar nucleotides (NDP = nucleotide diphosphates, NTP = nucleotide triphosphates, N = nucleotide, Pi = phosphate).

Several recently published syntheses of new drug-sugar conjugates derived from the broad range of naturally occurring glycosides underscore the potential of using glycosylated pharmaceuticals in drug delivery, where the sugar moiety may increase the solubility and bioavailability of large hydrophobic molecules under mild conditions.^15-19

As part of our commitment to biotransformation technologies, we have developed recombinant glycosyltransferases and kits for preparative carbohydrate synthesis and directed modification of carbohydrate moieties. The enzymatic synthesis reactions go to completion rapidly and specifically, eliminating the need to isolate the desired glycan from closely related by-products. Our glycosyltransferase kits contain the enzyme, the appropriate nucleotide sugar donor, and all other components required for the transfer of a specific monosaccharide moiety to an acceptor substrate on a small preparative scale. Our glycosylation kits include alkaline phosphatase to degrade nucleotide diphosphate and prevent the inhibition of glycosyl transferase activity.

• Unique glycosyltransferases—deliver regiospecific and stereospecific glycosylation
  
• Individual enzyme aliquots for each glycosylation reaction—prevent enzyme activity loss and cross-contamination
  

Glycosyltransferases and nucleotide sugar donors are available separately*.

Each kit is sufficient for 5 glycosylation reactions.

* Sales restrictions may apply. Please contact your local sales representative.

1. Galili U. 1993. Interaction of the natural anti-Gal antibody with ?-galactosyl epitopes: a major obstacle for xenotransplantation in humans. Immunology Today. 14(10):480-482. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-5699(93)90261-i

2. Galili U. 1993. Evolution and pathophysiology of the human natural anti-?-galactosyl IgG (anti-Gal) antibody. Springer Semin Immunopathol. 15(2-3): https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00201098

3. Gustafsson K, Strahan K, Preece A. 1994. alpha1,3Galactosyltransferase: A Target for in vivo Genetic Manipulation in Xenotransplantation. Immunol Rev. 141(1):59-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065x.1994.tb00872.x

4. Sandrin MS, Vaughan HA, McKenzie IF. 1994. Identification of Gal(?1,3)Gal as the major epitope for pig-to-human vascularised xenografts. Transplantation Reviews. 8(3):134-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0955-470x(05)80033-3

5. Sandrin M, Mckenzie IFC. 1994. Galalpha(1,3)Gal, the Major Xenoantigen(s) Recognised in Pigs by Human Natural Antibodies. Immunol Rev. 141(1):169-190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065x.1994.tb00877.x

6. Cooper DKC, Koren E, Oriol R. 1994. Oligosaccharides and Discordant Xenotransplantation. Immunol Rev. 141(1):31-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065x.1994.tb00871.x

7. Jacquinet J, Duchet D, Milat M, Sinay P. Synthesis of blood-group substances. Part 11. Synthesis of the trisaccharide O-D-galactopyranosyl-(1,3)-O-D-galactopyranosyl-(1,4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1.(0):326-330. https://doi.org/10.1039/p19810000326

8. Matsuzaki Y, Ito Y, Nakahara Y, Ogawa T. 1993. Synthesis of branched poly-N-acetyl-lactosamine type pentaantennary pentacosasaccharide: Glycan part of a glycosyl ceramide from rabbit erythrocyte membrane. Tetrahedron Letters. 34(6):1061-1064. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)77492-2

9. Guo Z, Wang PG. 1997. Utilization of glycosyltransferases to change oligosaccharide structures. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 68(1-2):1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02785977

10. Riva S. 2001. Biocatalytic modification of natural products. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 5(2):106-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1367-5931(00)00178-2

11. Unverzagt C, Kunz H, Paulson JC. 1990. High-efficiency synthesis of sialyloligosaccharides and sialoglycopeptides. J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 112(25):9308-9309. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00181a037

12. Augé C, David S, Mathieu C, Gautheron C. 1984. Synthesis with immobilized enzymes of two trisaccharides, one of them active as the determinant of a stage antigen.. Tetrahedron Letters. 25(14):1467-1470. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(01)80188-x

13. Ichikawa Y, Wang R, Wong C. 1994. [7] Regeneration of sugar nucleotide for enzymatic oligosaccharide synthesis.107-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(94)47009-x

14. Ichikawa M, Schnaar RL, Ichikawa Y. 1995. Application of sucrose phosphorylase reaction in one-pot enzymatic galactosylation: Scavenger of phosphate and generation of glucose 1-phosphate in situ. Tetrahedron Letters. 36(48):8731-8732. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-4039(95)01896-p

15. Langenhan JM, Peters NR, Guzei IA, Hoffmann FM, Thorson JS. 2005. Enhancing the anticancer properties of cardiac glycosides by neoglycorandomization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102(35):12305-12310. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0503270102

16. Werder M, Hauser H, Carreira EM. 2005. Synthesis and in Vitro Evaluation of Inhibitors of Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption. J. Med. Chem.. 48(19):6035-6053. https://doi.org/10.1021/jm050422p

17. Cheng H, ea. 2005. Synthesis and enzyme-specific activation of carbohydrategeldanamycin conjugates with potent anticancer activity. . J. Med. Chem.. 48645-652.

18. Riva S. 2002. Enzymatic modification of the sugar moieties of natural glycosides. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic. 19-2043-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1381-1177(02)00150-9

19. 2003. C.H.Wong (ed.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany. Carbohydrate-Based Drug Discovery.