DNA和RNA纯化

DNA和RNA提取是分子生物学中的一种基本方法。高质量、高纯度的核酸在一系列研究和临床应用中发挥着重要的作用。因此，核酸纯化是分子生物学和基因组工作流程中的第一步。

DNA和RNA样品往往从“粗制”样品中获得。基因组DNA、质粒DNA和总RNA可以从细菌和哺乳动物细胞、植物组织、真菌组织、哺乳动物组织、血液、血浆、血清、病毒、口腔和鼻拭子、凝胶基质、PCR及其他酶促反应等多种来源中提取和纯化。上述样品经细胞膜裂解或样品均质化，再对蛋白质、酶、去污剂、盐和脂质进行去除，即可分离出核酸。

常见方法包括：

碱性提取 苯酚-氯仿萃取 氯化铯（CsCl）密度梯度离心 Oligo（dT）-纤维素色谱 硅胶基质

玻璃珠 硅藻土 阴离子交换色谱 尺寸排阻色谱

最终用途决定了使用何种纯化方法。下游的应用包括PCR、qPCR、限制性酶切、连接、克隆、基因分型、基因表达分析、下一代测序（NGS）以及DNA和RNA印迹等。

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