GSK3 inhibition with low dose lithium supplementation augments murine muscle fatigue resistance and specific force production.

Calcineurin is a Ca2+ -dependent serine/threonine phosphatase that dephosphorylates nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), allowing for NFAT entry into the nucleus. In skeletal muscle, calcineurin signaling and NFAT activation increases the expression of proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) and slow myosin heavy chain (MHC) I ultimately promoting fatigue resistance. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a serine/threonine kinase that antagonizes calcineurin by re-phosphorylating NFAT preventing its entry into the nucleus. Here, we tested whether GSK3 inhibition in vivo with low dose lithium chloride (LiCl) supplementation (10 mg kg-1  day-1 for 6 weeks) in male C57BL/6J mice would enhance muscle fatigue resistance in soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles by activating NFAT and augmenting PGC-1α and MHC I expression. LiCl treatment inhibited GSK3 by elevating Ser9 phosphorylation in soleus (+1.8-fold, p = .007) and EDL (+1.3-fold p = .04) muscles. This was associated with a significant reduction in NFAT phosphorylation (-50%, p = .04) and a significant increase in PGC-1α (+1.5-fold, p = .05) in the soleus but not the EDL. MHC isoform analyses in the soleus also revealed a 1.2-fold increase in MHC I (p = .04) with no change in MHC IIa. In turn, a significant enhancement in soleus muscle fatigue (p = .04), but not EDL (p = .26) was found with LiCl supplementation. Lastly, LiCl enhanced specific force production in both soleus (p < .0001) and EDL (p = .002) muscles. Altogether, our findings show the skleletal muscle contractile benefits of LiCl-mediated GSK3 inhibition in mice.