土壤、固体废弃物和地下水检测

土壤和地下水检测是避免环境和人类健康遭受工业污染排放危害的重要手段。有大量技术文章、实验方案和成熟的分析方法可用于指导如何管理固体废弃物和检测重金属等环境污染物。

• 固体废弃物及其对土壤和地下水的影响
• 土壤和地下水检测
• 土壤和地下水检测技术

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固体废弃物及其对土壤和地下水的影响

固体废弃物是人类在工业、商业、采矿和农业活动中制造的垃圾。人口和工业活动的增加，迫使我们必须妥善管理和控制固体废弃物，避免其危害环境和人类健康。

由于简单、大处理容量和极低的运作成本优势，垃圾填埋场成为常用的固体废弃物处理方法。但维护失当、渗滤液导排系统不佳的垃圾填埋场和堆放场，却可能成为土壤、地表和地下水污染的潜在污染源。固体废弃物中的组分会产生渗滤液和生物气体，从而改变土壤化学构成，对环境造成重大影响。固体废弃物渗滤液中最常见的污染物为铬、二噁英、碳氢化合物、有机氯、PAH、PCB、农药、放射性同位素、TPH、VOC、持久性有机污染物(POP)以及致命病原体。因此，实行适当的渗滤液监控计划对于安全性和风险评估是必不可少的。

土壤和地下水检测

土壤和地下水检测是良好的渗滤液监控计划的标配，对于场地调查和环境风险评估至关重要。土壤和地下水的基质和化学成分复杂多变，给准确检测带来挑战。美国环保局(USEPA)建议使用毒性浸出程序(TCLP)测定废弃物中的有害成分。这一化学分析工艺模拟了污染物在指定垃圾填埋场沉积前，随着时间变化而渗滤的情形。TCLP可测定液体、固体和多相废弃物中有机和无机污染物（金属、农药、除草剂和溶剂）的迁移性。

浸出环境评估框架(LEAF)是一种替代评估系统，可鉴别并准确反映固体材料中潜在污染物(COPC)无机、半挥发性有机和非挥发性有机成分的释放。LEAF方法设计可提供灵活、可定制的框架，区分各种固体材料接触地下或地表水后在各种条件下的浸出特征。

土壤和地下水检测技术

为了确定污染程度，监管机构（例如USEPA）要求使用官方方法检测土壤和地下水。土壤和地下水检测的理化性质包括总溶解固体、pH、水的硬度、阳离子、阴离子、有机物、总碳、硝酸盐、铵和重金属。土壤和地下水检测常用的分析技术包括电导率、滴定法、重量法、荧光法、原子吸收光谱法(AAS)、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)、气相色谱法、ICP-MS、LC-MS和GC-MS。