免疫组织化学
免疫组织化学(IHC)和免疫荧光(IF)检测方法
免疫组织化学(IHC)是一种生化方法,使用抗体与切片中特定抗原结合进行检测。而免疫细胞化学(ICC)适于鉴定单个细胞层中的抗原。IHC常用于可视化健康和肿瘤等疾病组织中的目标蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂质。此方法可利用特定分子标志物,鉴定增殖或细胞死亡(凋亡)等细胞事件。IHC还广泛用于基础研究,探索生物标志物和差异表达蛋白在生物组织不同部位的分布和位置。
IHC组织制备、抗原修复和预处理
通常,组织须固定、石蜡包埋并通过显微切片机切片后才可进行IHC分析。初步组织制备后的一个重要步骤是抗原修复。如需破坏固定过程形成的蛋白质交联并暴露隐藏抗原位点,必须进行此步骤。抗原修复和预处理条件必须实证确定,因此抗原表位可及性会因多种生物学因素呈现明显差异。例如,某些抗原需要更激进的预处理才可“暴露”抗体结合表位,而某些抗原可能根本不需要预处理。热诱导表位修复(HIER)是两种常见抗原修复预处理方法之一,需采用热源结合缓冲液和酶(蛋白酶K)。另一种方法是蛋白裂解诱导表位修复(PIER),可能需要用到多种蛋白酶,如蛋白酶K、胰蛋白酶、胰凝乳蛋白酶或胃蛋白酶。
IHC染色和检测
组织制备和抗原修复预处理后,可通过多种方法可视化抗体-抗原互作。常用方法之一是使用一抗,即利用一抗结合辣根过氧化物酶或碱性磷酸酶等催化显色反应的酶。也可采用免疫荧光(IF)法,即使用荧光素、罗丹明或Alexa Fluor等荧光团标记的抗体。此外,还可选择使用未标记一抗,但通过标记二抗或更复杂的检测体系间接检测抗原。此时,应针对每种检测方案确定一抗和二抗的最佳滴度。
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