Bis Tris Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Technology

Bis-Tris gel technology offers numerous advantages compared to traditional acrylamide gels for SDS-PAGE applications, including faster run times and sharper band resolution.

• Polyacrylamide Gel Chemistry
• Bis-Tris Gel Technology
• Tris-Glycine and Bis-Tris Buffer Comparison
• mPAGE^® Bis-Tris Precast Gels for Protein Electrophoresis
• mPAGE^® TurboMix Bis-Tris Gel Casting Kit

Polyacrylamide Gel Chemistry

PAGE uses a discontinuous buffer system, wherein the gel buffer ion differs from the running buffer ion. The difference in electrophoretic mobility between these two ions forms a moving voltage gradient that proteins travel through. Tris-Glycine gel chemistry is the most used PAGE system, which uses gels composed of Tris-HCl and running buffer composed of tris base and glycine. Tris-Glycine gels operate in a highly alkaline environment which can lead to undesirable protein modifications, such as deamination and alkylation. As a result, protein bands may be distorted or lose resolution in Tris-Glycine gels.

Bis-Tris Gel Technology

In contrast, Bis-Tris gels use Bis-Tris and HCl in the gel buffer and MOPS or MES in the running buffer. Bis-Tris gels operate at a neutral pH, minimizing protein modification and promotes protein stability during the gel run. This neutral pH leads to sharper protein band resolution and accuracy. Bis-Tris gels also have a longer shelf life than Tris-Glycine gels, which begin to hydrolyze over time. Bis-Tris gels have the flexibility to be combined with either MOPS- or MES-based running buffer; the difference in migration between these two ions results in different protein separation ranges. MES should be used when the protein of interest is small (<50 kDa), while MOPS should be used to resolve mid-to-large-sized proteins.

Figure 1. Bis-Tris technology features and benefits compared to traditional Tris-Glycine gels

Figure 2. Comparison of Tris-Glycine (left) and Bis-Tris (right) gels. Tris-Glycine and Bis-Tris gels were hand-cast with 12% acrylamide and allowed to polymerize overnight. The gels were loaded with identical E. coli lysate titrations (lanes 3-6), mPAGE^® unstained protein standard (lanes 2 and 7), and mPAGE^® color protein standard (lane 1). The gels were run in either Tris-Glycine or MOPS running buffer, stained with ReadyBlue™ protein gel stain for one hour, and destained with deionized water for one hour.

Tris-Glycine and Bis-Tris Buffer Comparison

It is also critical to consider the type of sample buffer used during protein preparation. With Tris-Glycine gels, Laemmli buffer is typically used to denature and coat proteins in negatively charged SDS ions. Samples are then boiled at 100 °C to help facilitate denaturation. Heating Laemmli buffer to 100 °C causes the pH to become highly acidic. The combination of heat and acidity has been shown to cause protein cleavage, preferentially at Asp-Pro peptide bonds¹. This cleavage leads to apparent protein degradation products during electrophoresis. Conversely, Bis-Tris gels use an LDS sample buffer that maintains an alkaline pH during sample preparation and does not require heating above 70 °C to fully denature proteins. This preparation maintains protein integrity by minimizing Asp-Pro peptide bond cleavage.

Tris-glycine and Bis-Tris PAGE Gel Chemistries

Table 1. Comparison of Tris-Glycine and Bis-Tris gel chemistries. Bis-Tris gel solutions come in two varieties to meet the needs of every researcher, mPAGE^® Bis-Tris Precast Gels and the mPAGE^® TurboMix Bis-Tris Gel Casting Kit.

	Tris-Glycine	Bis-Tris
Operating  pH	9.5 (alkaline)	7.0 (neutral)
Sample buffer pH	5.2	8.5
Ion fronts	Tris (+) Glycine (-)	Tris (+) MOPS (-) MES (-)
Protein separation range	6 kDa – 400 kDa	6 kDa – 400 kDa
Protein stability during separation	Deamination and alkylation can occur	+++
Effect on Asp-Pro peptide bonds	Extended heating in SDS sample buffer causes cleavage	LDS sample buffer uses mild heating conditions and Asp-Pro bonds remain intact
Run time	Moderate	Fast
Shelf life	Limited	4 weeks +

mPAGE^® Bis-Tris Precast Gels for Protein Electrophoresis

The mPAGE^® Bis-Tris SDS-PAGE Gel system offers high performance, optimal electrophoretic separation, and better resolution over a wide range of molecular weights. mPAGE^® Bis-Tris Precast Gels have a versatile design that allows for larger sample loading volumes. The 10 x 8 cm mini cassette format makes mPAGE^® Bis-Tris Precast Gels compatible with the most popular gel electrophoresis equipment.

mPAGE^® Bis-Tris Precast Gels are designed to work exclusively with MOPS or MES running buffer. Depending on which running buffer is used, very distinct separation patterns can be achieved. MOPS buffer can be used to fine-tune the separation of large and medium-sized proteins, whereas MES buffer provides optimal separation of smaller proteins. Refer to the migration charts (Figure 3) to determine which gel running buffer system is best suited for the intended separation range.

Figure 3. Migration Charts of mPAGE^® Bis-Tris Precast Gels with MOPS SDS Running Buffer and MES SDS Running Buffer.

mPAGE^® TurboMix Bis-Tris Gel Casting Kit

The mPAGE^® TurboMix Bis-Tris Gel Casting Kit consists of a Resolving Solution and a Stacking Solution. The solutions are optimized to simplify gel preparation steps and minimize reagent waste. The mPAGE^® TurboMix solutions can be used in traditional casting methods or the Quick Cast procedure (Figure 4).

The Quick Cast procedure polymerizes in one step by pouring the stacking gel immediately after the resolving gel. mPAGE^® TurboMix Resolving Solution is provided at a 20% acrylamide percentage and formulated for dilution with deionized water, which allows the flexibility to cast different resolving gel percentages. The mPAGE^® TurboMix Stacking Solution is provided at a 4% acrylamide percentage and requires only the addition of Ammonium persulfate (APS) and N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine (TEMED). For additional protein gel electrophoresis resources, please visit our Gel Electrophoresis application page for all of your protein resolution reagent and protocol needs.

Figure 4. The mPAGE^® TurboMix Quick Cast method offers a rapid, 5-step process for casting polyacrylamide gels.

Reference

1. Robinson DR, Watts NR, Coombs DH. 1988. Heat cleavage of bacteriophage T4 gene 23 product produces two peptides previously identified as head proteins. J Virol. 62(5):1723-1729. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.62.5.1723-1729.1988