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Key Documents

I1507

Sigma-Aldrich

Insulin human

≥95% (HPLC), semisynthetic, powder, non-sterile

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About This Item

Empirical Formula (Hill Notation):
C257H383N65O77S6
CAS Number:
Molecular Weight:
5807.57
EC Number:
MDL number:
UNSPSC Code:
12352204
NACRES:
NA.83

biological source

semisynthetic

Quality Level

sterility

non-sterile

Assay

≥95% (HPLC)

form

powder

concentration

>75%

technique(s)

cell culture | mammalian: suitable

solubility

0.01 M HCl: 0.5 mg/mL, clear to slightly hazy, colorless

UniProt accession no.

shipped in

ambient

storage temp.

−20°C

SMILES string

CC[C@H](C)[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@H]2CSSC[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CSSC[C@@H](C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CSSC[C@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC2=O)CO)CC(C)C)CC3=CC=C(C=C3)O)CCC(=O)N)CC(C)C)CCC(=O)O)CC(=O)N)CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)N)C(=O)O)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC5=CC=CC=C5)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC6=CC=CC=C6)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC7=CC=C(C=C7)O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N8CCC[C@H]8C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)O)C(C)C)CC(C)C)CC9=CC=C(C=C9)O)CC(C)C)C)CCC(=O)O)C(C)C)CC(C)C)CC2=CNC=N2)CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC2=CNC=N2)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC2=CC=CC=C2)N)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N1)CO)[C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)CC)NC(=O)CN

InChI key

PBGKTOXHQIOBKM-FHFVDXKLSA-N

Gene Information

human ... INS(3630)

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General description

Research area: Cell Signaling

Insulin binds to the receptors of target cells in the liver, skeletal muscle and fat, b cells, brain cells, and many other cells. The insulin gene is located on human chromosome 11p15.5.

Application

Insulin human has been used:
  • in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) to study the effect of preoptic area administration of insulin on core body temperature (CBT) in mice
  • in contact-mode scanning probe electrospray ionization (SPESI) to study the effect of substrate vibration on ionization efficiency
  • as a component of adipocyte differentiation media

Biochem/physiol Actions

Insulin is important to maintain normal blood sugar levels. Insulin deficiency is associated with diabetes mellitus.
Insulin signaling is associated with two important pathways namely: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K, a lipid kinase)/AKT (also known as PKB or protein kinase B) pathway and the Raf/Ras/MEK/ MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase, also known as ERK or extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway. Insulin increases the metabolic pathways controlling glycogen synthesis, gene expression, DNA synthesis, and Na+/K+ pump. It inhibits metabolic pathways regulating apoptosis and autophagy.
Two-chain polypeptide hormone produced by the β-cells of pancreatic islets. Its molecular weight is ~5800 Da. The α and β chains are joined by two interchain disulfide bonds. The α chain contains an intrachain disulfide bond. Insulin regulates the cellular uptake, utilization, and storage of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids and inhibits the breakdown of glycogen, protein, and fat.

Other Notes

InChI: 1S/C257H383N65O77S6/c1-29-131(23)205(313-193(339)104-259)252(393)317-204(130(21)22)248(389)288-159(75-82-200(349)350)217(358)282-156(71-78-189(263)335)221(362)308-183-116-403-404-117-184-243(384)305-178(111-324)240(381)294-162(88-123(7)8)225(366)295-168(95-140-53-61-146(329)62-54-140)228(369)283-154(69-76-187(261)333)218(359)290-161(87-122(5)6)223(364)285-158(74-81-199(347)348)220(361)302-174(101-190(264)336)235(376)298-170(97-142-57-65-148(331)66-58-142)231(372)309-182(242(383)304-176(255(396)397)103-192(266)338)115-402-401-114-181(214(355)273-107-194(340)278-153(72-79-197(343)344)216(357)281-151(51-42-84-271-257(267)268)212(353)272-108-195(341)279-166(93-138-46-36-32-37-47-138)227(368)297-167(94-139-48-38-33-39-49-139)230(371)299-171(98-143-59-67-149(332)68-60-143)238(379)320-208(135(27)327)254(395)322-85-43-52-186(322)246(387)286-152(50-40-41-83-258)222(363)321-209(136(28)328)256(398)399)311-250(391)203(129(19)20)316-236(377)164(90-125(11)12)292-229(370)169(96-141-55-63-147(330)64-56-141)296-224(365)160(86-121(3)4)289-210(351)133(25)277-215(356)157(73-80-198(345)346)287-247(388)202(128(17)18)315-237(378)165(91-126(13)14)293-233(374)173(100-145-106-270-120-276-145)301-239(380)177(110-323)280-196(342)109-274-213(354)180(113-400-405-118-185(310-244(183)385)245(386)319-207(134(26)326)253(394)306-179(112-325)241(382)318-206(132(24)30-2)251(392)312-184)307-226(367)163(89-124(9)10)291-232(373)172(99-144-105-269-119-275-144)300-219(360)155(70-77-188(262)334)284-234(375)175(102-191(265)337)303-249(390)201(127(15)16)314-211(352)150(260)92-137-44-34-31-35-45-137/h31-39,44-49,53-68,105-106,119-136,150-186,201-209,323-332H,29-30,40-43,50-52,69-104,107-118,258-260H2,1-28H3,(H2,261,333)(H2,262,334)(H2,263,335)(H2,264,336)(H2,265,337)(H2,266,338)(H,269,275)(H,270,276)(H,272,353)(H,273,355)(H,274,354)(H,277,356)(H,278,340)(H,279,341)(H,280,342)(H,281,357)(H,282,358)(H,283,369)(H,284,375)(H,285,364)(H,286,387)(H,287,388)(H,288,389)(H,289,351)(H,290,359)(H,291,373)(H,292,370)(H,293,374)(H,294,381)(H,295,366)(H,296,365)(H,297,368)(H,298,376)(H,299,371)(H,300,360)(H,301,380)(H,302,361)(H,303,390)(H,304,383)(H,305,384)(H,306,394)(H,307,367)(H,308,362)(H,309,372)(H,310,385)(H,311,391)(H,312,392)(H,313,339)(H,314,352)(H,315,378)(H,316,377)(H,317,393)(H,318,382)(H,319,386)(H,320,379)(H,321,363)(H,343,344)(H,345,346)(H,347,348)(H,349,350)(H,396,397)(H,398,399)(H4,267,268,271)/t131-,132-,133-,134+,135+,136+,150-,151-,152-,153-,154-,155-,156-,157-,158-,159-,160-,161-,162-,163-,164-,165-,166-,167-,168-,169-,170-,171-,172-,173-,174-,175-,176-,177-,178-,179-,180-,181-,182-,183-,184-,185-,186-,201-,202-,203-,204-,205-,206-,207-,208-,209-/m0/s1

Preparation Note

Derived from porcine insulin

related product

Product No.
Description
Pricing

Storage Class Code

11 - Combustible Solids

WGK

nwg

Flash Point(F)

Not applicable

Flash Point(C)

Not applicable

Personal Protective Equipment

dust mask type N95 (US), Eyeshields, Gloves

Certificates of Analysis (COA)

Search for Certificates of Analysis (COA) by entering the products Lot/Batch Number. Lot and Batch Numbers can be found on a product’s label following the words ‘Lot’ or ‘Batch’.

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Lutein leads to a decrease of factor D secretion by cultured mature human adipocytes
Tian Y, et al.
Journal of Ophthalmology, 2015 (2015)
Dose-and type-dependent effects of long-chain fatty acids on adipogenesis and lipogenesis of bovine adipocytes
Yanting C, et al.
Journal of Dairy Science, 101(2), 1601-1615 (2018)
The role of insulin-like growth factor 2 and its receptors in human tumors
Pavelic K, et al.
Molecular Medicine, 8(12), 771-780 (2002)
The Role of Melatonin Preconditioning on Survival of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Differentiation to Osteoblasts
Rafat A, et al.
Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal (2018)
Insulin mutations impair beta-cell development in a patient-derived iPSC model of neonatal diabetes
Balboa D, et al.
eLife, 7, e38519-e38519 (2018)

Articles

Glucose metabolism is regulated by the opposing actions of insulin and glucagon. Insulin is released from pancreatic ß cells in response to high blood glucose levels and regulates glucose metabolism through its actions on muscle, liver, and adipose tissue.

Protocols

Insulin is an approximately 6000 Da peptide hormone used to regulate the glucose concentration in blood. There are several different forms of insulin that are both natural and recombinant; the recombinant forms have been engineered to improve pharmacokinetic properties. A quick and reliable chromatographic technique was developed to identify and detect a mixture of insulin variants in an unknown sample.

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