Cobalt in Wastewater from Inorganic Pigments
Photometric Determination with Nitroso-R-Salt
Cobalt and cobalt compounds can occur in the wastewater during the production of “inorganic pigments, e.g. mixed-phase pigments, pigment mixtures and frits”1.
Cobalt salts have a carcinogenic effect when absorbed by inhalation, and in the event of oral uptake have a health-hazardous effect after repeated exposure2.
As a measure to prevent any impact on the environment and humans, the limit for the discharge of wastewater into water bodies imposed by Annex 37 of the German wastewater directive is set at 1 mg/l Co1.
The concentration of cobalt in water bodies and wastewater can be measured using the Spectroquant® Cobalt Cell Test Cat. No. 117244. This test offers a swift and precise alternative to conventional spectrometric methods such as ICP-OES (ISO 11885:2009, DIN 38406-24:1993-03, US EPA 200.7) and ICP-MS (US EPA 200.8).3-6
Experimental
This Application Note describes the determination of cobalt in wastewater from inorganic pigments using the Spectroquant® Cobalt Cell Test (117244).
With the Spectroquant® Cobalt Cell Test the cobalt concentration in wastewater can be determined quickly and easily.
The methods are preprogrammed on the corresponding Spectroquant® photometers. Calibration is not necessary. All reagents required for the measurement are included in the test kit.
25 determinations can be carried out per package.
Method
Cobalt(II) ions react with Nitroso-R salt to form an orange-red complex that is determined photometrically.
Measuring Range
0.05 – 2.00 mg/l Co
Sample Material
Wastewater from the production of inorganic pigments, e.g. mixed-phase pigments, pigment mixtures and frits.
Reagents, Instruments und Materials
Reagents
Only necessary, if:
Sample needs to be preserved:
pH adjustment is needed:
Sample blank is needed:
Total cobalt should be determined:
For analytical quality assurance:
Instruments
For the cobalt measurement one of the following Spectroquant® photometers is necessary:
- Spectroquant® UV/VIS Spectrophotometer Prove 600
- Spectroquant® UV/VIS Spectrophotometer Prove 300
- Spectroquant® VIS Spectrophotometer Prove 100
- Spectroquant® Photometer Nova 60A
- Spectroquant® Colorimeter Move 100
If total cobalt should be determined, one of the following thermoreactors is necessary:
Software for Data Maintenance
The Spectroquant® Prove Connect to LIMS software package provides an easy way to transfer your data into a preexisting LIMS system. This software can be purchased under:
MQuant® StripScan App
The MQuant® StripScan App is an analytical detection system for the readout of test strips. The app can be downloaded via the IOS app store (the app is currently available for iPhones only). In addition to the app a reference card is necessary which can be purchased under the above-mentioned Cat. No..
Materials
Pipettes for pipetting volumes of 0.50 and 5.0 mL
Only necessary for turbid solutions:
Analytical Approach
Sample Preparation
- Analyze immediately after sampling. Otherwise preserve with nitric acid 65 % (1 mL nitric acid per 1 l of sample solution). After acidifying the sample is stable for 4 weeks, acc. to. EN ISO 5667-3:2012.
- The pH range must be within 2.5–7.5. Check the pH using MQuant® pH indicator strips in combination with the MQuant® StripScan App. Adjust, if necessary, with sodium hydroxide solution or nitric acid.
- Filter turbid samples.
- The test determines cobalt(II)-ions only. Undissolved or complex-bound cobalt or cobalt that is present in an organometallic compound can be determined after pretreatment of the sample using one of the Spectroquant® Crack Sets and a thermoreactor. Details on how to perform the digestion see product packaging insert of the corresponding Crack Set.
Preparing the Measurement Solutions1)
Sample blank (optional)
- If the sample is colored, perform a sample blank before the measurement of the sample itself. This step is necessary to compensate for the intrinsic color of the wastewater.
- The sample blank is prepared as followed:
- Pipette 5.0 mL of the pretreated sample into a reaction cell, close the cell, and mix.
- Add 0.5 mL of water for analysis or distilled water with a pipette, close the cell tightly, and mix. The pH should be approx. 4.8.
- Leave to stand for 10 min (reaction time), then measure the sample blank in the photometer.
Measurement sample
- Pipette 5.0 mL of the pretreated sample into a reaction cell, close the cell, and mix.
- Add 0.5 mL of reagent CO-1K with a pipette, close the cell tightly, and mix. The pH should be approx. 4.8.
- Leave to stand for 10 min (reaction time), then measure the sample in the photometer. The color of the measurement solution remains stable for at least 60 min after the end of the reaction time.
Measurement2)
- Insert the reaction cell into the measurement shaft, the method opens automatically.
- It is recommended to check the zero adjustment each new working day. To do this, open the cobalt method, activate the absorption measurement (at 500 nm) and insert a round cell filled with distilled water in the measurement compartment. If the absorption is > 0.005 Abs, re-zero photometer.
- If the sample is colored, perform a sample blank. Therefore, configure the photometer for sample blank measurement and insert the sample blank cell into the cell compartment. After measurement confirm with OK.
- Hint: On the Prove instruments the sample blank is valid for the next measurement only.
- Insert the cell with the measurement sample into the shaft. The measurement starts automatically.
- Read off the result in mg/l from the display.
Data Transfer Prove Spectrophotometers
After measurement transfer the values measured on the Prove spectrophotometer using Prove Connect to LIMS.
1) Due to the instrument design of the Move 100 there may be differences in preparing the reagents as well as performing the measurement. Please see the Move 100 Manual for details.
2) For Details on how to perform the measurement step by step, see the instrument-specific manual
Influences of Foreign Substances
The cobalt determination is interfered with by in the presence of certain substances. For details see the packaging insert of the test kit.
Analytical Quality Assurance
The objective of analytical quality assurance (AQA) is to secure correct and precise measurement results.
AQA is recommended before each measurement series. To check the measurement system (test reagents, measurement device, and handling) the ready-to-use cobalt standard solution Certipur®, concentration 1000 mg/l Co (119785), can be used after diluting accordingly. Sample-dependent interferences (matrix effects) can be determined by means of standard addition.
For details on how to perform the AQA check see the instrument-specific manuals.
A certificate of analysis is provided for each batch and can be downloaded online on the product page of the test as well as a certificate of quality, where all batches are taken into account. In the certificates the performance characteristics determined in accordance with ISO 8466-2 and DIN 38402 A51 are given.
Nevertheless, it is recommended to determine the performance characteristic yourself so that all specific factors that may impact the performance (test reagents, measurement device, handling) are considered in the characteristic data.
Conclusion
The Spectroquant® Cobalt Cell Test is a fast and cost-effective alternative to spectrometric methods such as ICP-OES and ICP-MS for the determination of cobalt in wastewater.
The method is preprogrammed on the corresponding Spectroquant® photometers, so there is no need for a time-consuming calibration.
Stringent controls of the raw materials, effective in-process controls and documented final controls are a confirmation for the consistently high quality. Every product batch has an individual certificate, so there is no need to consider checking the quality of the test kit yourself. In addition, the quality certificates confirm consistent batch-to-batch quality.
References
To continue reading please sign in or create an account.
Don't Have An Account?