废水和生产用水检测

废水和生产用水处理是保护公共卫生与环境并保持工业生产效率的一道重要屏障。大多数监管机构都要求定期分析检测各处理环节的废水排放情况。此外，通常还要求分析锅炉和冷却器系统中生产用水的化学成分。

• 废水处理和分析
• 生产用水和冷却水检测
• 废水和生产用水检测技术

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废水处理和分析

为保护环境和社区，几乎所有政府都会要求对城市生活污水和来自化工、制药、食品、饮料等生产设施的工业废水进行处理和检测。废水处理过程主要分为四个步骤。预处理从废水中去除所有大块及可沉淀的固体颗粒。二级处理利用快速生长的微生物去除有机污染物。

三级处理结合化学和生物学两种方法来减轻废水中的营养负荷。四级处理，去除顽固的新兴污染物，如药物等复杂分子。每个步骤都需要进行分析检测来监测含氮化合物、磷酸盐和氯等关键化学参数。

生产用水和冷却水检测

冷却水和锅炉水分析对于电厂以及化学、制药、技术、食品饮料等厂商至关重要。硅酸盐、钙和镁的含量监测必不可少，否则结垢会造成过高的维护成本和过长的停机时间。另外，作为系统腐蚀指标，还要监测铁含量。一般主要通过脱盐步骤来实现，首先将原水注入净化器净化再送入给水箱，然后再经过进一步处理后送往锅炉或冷却回路来驱动汽轮机等运动。

废水和生产用水检测技术

美国环保署(USEPA)等监管部门强制要求使用官方方法来检测饮用水（见《安全饮用水法》）和废水（见《净水法》）。这些方法包括基于培养法或分子技术的微生物学检测和基于分光光度法、pH、电导率和浊度等分析法的化学检测。对于水、废水或酸溶性固体中的痕量污染物分析则要求更高灵敏度的方法，例如ICP-MS或ICP-AES的ppb级低浓度检测。