Increased Vascular Adhesion Protein 1 (VAP-1) Levels are Associated with Alternative M2 Macrophage Activation and Poor Prognosis for Human Gliomas.

Glioma is characterized by a high heterogeneity in the brain tumor. Abundant tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) exist as neoplastic tissues, implicating tumor plasticity and thus leading to therapeutic challenges. Vascular adhesion protein (VAP-1) potentially serves as a mediator for TAM immunity in tumor milieu. We previously demonstrated that VAP-1 could contribute to tumor malignancy, but its characteristics in TAM immunity of glioma progression are still unclear. This study explored the association of VAP-1 expression with TAM distribution as well as the resulting clinical significance and prognostic value in human gliomas. An in-depth analysis of AOC3 (VAP-1) gene expression was performed using 695 glioma samples derived from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA)-lower grade glioma and glioblastoma (GBMLGG) cohort. Bioinformatic analysis confirmed that VAP-1 expression is associated with poor prognosis of glioma patients (p = 0.0283). VAP-1 and TAM biomarkers (CD68, iNOS, and CD163) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 108 gliomas from Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital. VAP-1+ was expressed in 56 (51.85%) cases and this phenotype revealed a significant association with overall survival in Kaplan-Meier analysis (p < 0.0001). Immunohistochemical double staining showed that VAP-1 immunoreactivity was present around CD163+ M2 infiltration location, including aggressive lesions and neighboring neovasculature. We demonstrated that high VAP-1 expression levels positively correlated with CD163+ M2 activation and coexpression of these two proteins was associated with worse survival in gliomas (p < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis indicated that VAP-1 alone and co-expressed with CD163 were the significantly independent indicators (both p < 0.0001). Furthermore, VAP-1/CD163 coexpression exhibited excellent diagnostic accuracy in gliomas (AUC = 0.8008). In conclusion, VAP-1 and TAM CD163 M2 coexpression was found in glioma tissues belonging to a highly malignant subgroup that was associated with poor prognosis. These results implied VAP-1 abundance is closely linked to alternative M2 activation during glioma progression. From the aforementioned data, a reasonable inference is that VAP-1 combined with targeting M2 immunity might be an effective therapeutic target for human gliomas.