Ionic Liquids for Electrochemical Applications

Ionic liquids have attracted much interest for their use as non-aqueous electrolytes in electrochemical applications. In this context, their conductivity and electrochemical stability are the most important physical properties. Together with other properties, such as their negligible vapor pressure and non-flammability, they appear to be ideal electrolytes for many applications as described and discussed in a growing number of publications.¹

Conductivity

Typical conductivity values are in the range from 1.0 mS/cm to 10.0 mS/cm. Recently, materials with conductivities above 20 mS/cm based on the imidazolium-cation were described: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thio-cyanate (Product No. 07424) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (Product No. 00796).

Of course, a solution of a typical inorganic salt such as sodium chloride in water has a higher conductivity. But, if we compare other properties of this solution with an ionic liquids, significant disadvantages become obvious: aqueous electrolytes are liquid over a smaller temperature range and the solvent water is volatile.

Electrochemical Stability

Another important property of ionic liquids is their wide electro-chemical window, which is a measure for their electrochemical stability against oxidation and reduction processes:

The electrochemical window is sensitive to impurities: halides are oxidized much easier than molecular anions (e.g., stable fluorine-containing anions such as bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide), where the negative charge is delocalized over larger volume. As a consequence, contamination with halides leads to significantly lower electrochemical stabilities.

Cation Stability.

Anion Stability.

Conductivities and Electrochemical Windows

Ionic Liquid	Conductivity	Electrochemical Window
a) Highly Conductive
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide	27 mS/cm	2.9 V
1-Ethyl-3-methylimdazolium thiocyanate	21 mS/cm	2.3 V
b) Electrochemically Stable
Triethylsulphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide	8.2 mS/cm	5.5 V
N-Methyl-N-trioctylammonium bis(trifluoro-methylsulfonyl)imide	2.2 mS/cm	5.7 V
N-Butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoro-methylsulfonyl)imide	2.1 mS/cm	6.6 V
c) Combined Properties
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate	12 mS/cm	4.3 V
1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethylsulfonate	8.6 mS/cm	4.3 V

Ionic Liquids Applications

High Conductivity

The materials showing the highest conductivities, 1-ethyl-3-methylimi-dazolium thiocyanate and dicyanamide exhibited the lowest electro-chemical stabilities. Nevertheless, these materials are good candidates for use in any application where a high conductivity combined with thermal stability and non-volatility is necessary, e.g., 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide (Product No. 18289) in dye-sensitized solar cells.²

High Stability

The electrochemically most stable materials having comparable small conductivities (N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)imide (Product No. 40963), triethylsulphonium bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)imide (Product No. 08748), and N-methyl-N-trioctylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (Product No. 00797). These materials are good electrolytes for use in batteries,³ fuel cells,⁴ metal deposition,⁵ and electrochemical synthesis of nano-particles.⁶

Combined Properties

For applications where conductivity and electrochemical stability are needed (e.g., supercapacitors⁷ or sensors⁸), imidazolium-based ionic liquids with stable anions (e.g., tetrafluoroborate or trifluoromethylsulfonate) are the materials of choice.

References

1. Trulove C, Mantz R. 2003. Ionic Liquids in Synthesis, Chapter 3.6: Electrochemical Properties of Ionic Liquids . Wiley-VCH. Weinheim:

2. Yamanaka N, Kawano R, Kubo W, Kitamura T, Wada Y, Watanabe M, Yanagida S. 2005. Ionic liquid crystal as a hole transport layer of dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem. Commun..(6):740. https://doi.org/10.1039/b417610c

3. Garcia B, Lavallée S, Perron G, Michot C, Armand M. 2004. Room temperature molten salts as lithium battery electrolyte. Electrochimica Acta. 49(26):4583-4588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2004.04.041

4. Yanes EG, Gratz SR, Baldwin MJ, Robison SE, Stalcup AM. 2001. Capillary Electrophoretic Application of 1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids. Anal. Chem.. 73(16):3838-3844. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac010263r

5. Zell CA, Freyland W. 2003. In Situ STM and STS Study of Co and Co?Al Alloy Electrodeposition from an Ionic Liquid. Langmuir. 19(18):7445-7450. https://doi.org/10.1021/la030031i

6. Scheeren CW, Machado G, Dupont J, Fichtner PFP, Texeira SR. 2003. Nanoscale Pt(0) Particles Prepared in Imidazolium Room Temperature Ionic Liquids:  Synthesis from an Organometallic Precursor, Characterization, and Catalytic Properties in Hydrogenation Reactions. Inorg. Chem.. 42(15):4738-4742. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic034453r

7. He L, Zhang W, Zhao L, Liu X, Jiang S. 2003. Effect of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids as the eluent on the separation of ephedrines by liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A. 1007(1-2):39-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00987-7

8. Zhou Y, Antonietti M. 2003. Synthesis of Very Small TiO2Nanocrystals in a Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid and Their Self-Assembly toward Mesoporous Spherical Aggregates. J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 125(49):14960-14961. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0380998

9. Zhou Y, Antonietti M. 2004. A Series of Highly Ordered, Super-Microporous, Lamellar Silicas Prepared by Nanocasting with Ionic Liquids. Chem. Mater.. 16(3):544-550. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm034442w

10. Sato T, Masuda G, Takagi K. 2004. Electrochemical properties of novel ionic liquids for electric double layer capacitor applications. Electrochimica Acta. 49(21):3603-3611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2004.03.030