Triphenoxazoles: A New Class of Fluorescent Photoconducting Liquid Crystalline Materials for Organic Electronic Applications

Prof. Jon Preece^1,2, Dr. Karolis Virzbickas^1,2

¹ChromaTwist Ltd, ²University of Birmingham
Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2SQ

Contents

1. Introduction
2. Triphenoxazoles
3. Photophysics
   3.1. Absorbance and Fluorescence
   3.2. Photoconduction
4. Material Self-Assembly
   4.1. Liquid Crystallinity
   4.2. Nanowire Self-Assembly
5. Incorporation into Polymers
   5.1. 3D Printing
   5.2. Spin Coating

6. Chemo-Sensing
   6.1. Protons
   6.2. Cations
   6.3. Electron Poor Aromatic
7. Bio-Imaging: Multiphoton Imaging
8. ChromaTwist Triphenoxazole Materials Currently Available

1. Introduction

Extended organic π-molecular structures have interesting photo-physical^{1, 2} and electro-physical^{3, 4} properties. Their study has led to the academic disciplines of organic electronics⁵ and plastic electronics,⁶ which are used in OPVs^{7, 8}, OLEDs,⁹ and fluorescent (bio)imaging reagents.¹⁰

Molecular electron donor-acceptor based organic materials exhibit tuneable electronic characteristics¹¹ by modification of the donor and/or acceptor moiety, leading to, for example, Stokes shift modification.¹² However, in molecular-based materials the degree of tunability has been relatively small when compared to organo-metallic complexes,^{13, 14} inorganic materials^{15, 16} and conjugated organic polymers.^{17, 18} The HOMO and LUMO of such materials can be manipulated to a greater degree than molecular based materials, leading to the modification of Stokes shifts, for example.¹⁹ Thus, molecular-based materials with such properties are highly prized.

Here we introduce the Triphenoxazoles (Figure 1), a new class of organic electron donor-acceptor materials that can both be manipulated to change the electronic properties of the donor and acceptor with the consequent modulation of their HOMO/LUMO and properties, such as Stokes shift and (photo)conductivity, whilst at the same time displaying liquid crystallinity and functional groups for further chemical modification.

2. Triphenoxazoles

The Triphenoxazoles are based on the liquid crystalline hexapentyloxytriphenylene (HPT) core to which an oxazole moiety has been fused with alky and aryl groups (R) grafted to the C2 oxazole position. The nature of this R group modulates the chemical, material and electro-optic properties of the Triphenoxazoles.

Figure 1. A Selection of Triphenoxazoles

In the following sections, we explore the physics and material properties of the Triphenoxazoles.

3. Photophysics

3.1 Absorbance and Fluorescence

The HPT and TpOx-n-Bu absorption spectra are remarkably similar (Figure 2a). The substitution of the Bu moiety (TpOx-n-Bu) with the phenyl group (TpOx-Ph) shifts the λ_max blue by 3 nm to ~271 nm, but extends the absorption to the red significantly. This behavior is replicated for the higher linear extended aryl analogs (1-Nap, 2-Nap, and 2-An (Figure 2b, c), whereas the 9-An derivative’s λ_max is no longer the band at ~271 nm, but ~252nm.

Figure 2. The absorption (a-c) and emission (d-e) spectra of a selection of Triphenoxazoles. The color space plot (top right), and solutions under ambient and UV light (bottom right).

The fluorescence spectra of HPT and TpOx-n-Bu are similar, but with different λ_max values, 381 and 366 nm, respectively (Figure 2d). The substitution of the butyl group (TpOx-n-Bu) with the phenyl moiety (TpOx-Ph) has a profound effect on the fluorescence spectra, both in terms of increased peak width and red shift of the emission λ_max by ~100 nm to 467 nm. Further extension of the aryl appendage to naphthalene and anthracene moieties shifts the emission λ_max even redder, with 9-An having – what is believed to be – the largest Stokes shift (341 nm, 22690 cm^-1) for a purely organic molecular material. This photophysical data is summarised in Table 1.

Table 1. Photophysical data for Triphenoxazoles shown in Figure 2 (EtOAc, 10^-6 M)

TpOx-R	Absorption λmax	Extinction Coefficient	Emission λmax	QY	Lifetime	Brightness	Stokes shift
	(nm)	(M-1cm-1)	(nm)		(ns) [X2]	(M-1CM-1)	(nm)	[cm-1]
TpH	277	170,000	381	0.10		17,000	130	9900
TpOx-n-Bu	281	160,000	366	0.18	5.8	28,980	85	8300
TpOx-Ph	270	110,000	467	0.49	5.4	64,350	197	15,620
TpOx-2-Nap	272	164,000	494	0.55	5.5	91,850	222	16,520
TpOx-1-Nap	275	117,000	510	0.48	6.0	56,160	235	16,760
TpOx-2-An	272	105,000	536	0.51	6.5	53,040	264	18,110
TpOx-9-An	253	158,000	594	0.13	2.1	22,000	341	22,690

The HOMO and LUMO values for selected TpOx-R derivatives are shown in Figure 3 (together with 3 related structure DBTOx-R structures). The HOMO energy remains constant and similar to the HPT, whereas the LUMO energies decrease as a function of the type of appendage on the TpOx moiety. This reduction in LUMO indicates that the band gap decreases as the aryl appendage π-surface area increases from phenyl (TpOx-Ph) to naphthyl (TpOx-2-Nap) to anthracyl (TpOx-9-An), in line with the fluorescent red shift across the TpOx-Ar series.

Figure 3. The HOMO and LUMO values of selected Triphenoxazoles (left) and their DBTOx-R (right) derivatives.

3.2 Photoconduction

The photocurrent measurements (Figure 4) reveal that TpOx-Ph display a photocurrent some 50-fold greater than HPT and TpOx-n-Bu. TpOx-1-Nap and TpOx-2-Nap then increase significantly over TpOx-Ph. However, the TpOx-2-An photocurrent reduces significantly back to the same levels as TpOx-Bu, presumably due to different packing arrangements in the condensed state.

Figure 4. (a) The photocurrent behavior of selected Triphenoxazoles, and (b) the photo-conductivity response of an TpOx-2-Nap and PCBM formulation.

4. Material Self-Assembly

4.1 Liquid Crystallinity

The optical polarised microscopy image (OPM) and X-ray diffraction pattern of TpOx-n-Bu are shown in Figure 5a and 5b, respectively. Both measurements are indicative of hexagonal columnar ordering similar to the parent HPT. The OPM textures of the TpOx-Ar derivatives in the liquid crystalline phase are all similar to TpOx-n-Bu (except for TpOx-9-An which does not display a mesophase). Therefore, it is assumed TpOx-Ar derivatives form mesophases which are columnar hexagonally ordered (except TpOx-9-An). The phase ranges are summarised in Figure 6c (red bar).

Figure 5. (a) Optical polarised image and (b) XRD of TpOx-n-Bu in its liquid crystalline phase, and (c) a summary of the phase behaviour of selected TpOx-R derivatives.

4.2 Nanowire Self-Assembly

The Triphenoxazole TpOx-2-Nap has been shown to spontaneously self-assemble into nanowires (Figure 6), by the addition of ethanol, an antisolvent, into a chloroform solution of TpOx-2-Nap.

Figure 6. Nanowires (100-300 nm diameter) formed from TpOx-2-Nap via self-assembly from solution.

5. Incorporation of TpOx-R into Polymer Matrices

This section describes two methodologies that have been used to incorporate the TpOx-2-Nap into a resin and PMMA, to show how the TpOx-Rs can be 3D printed and spin coated, respectively, for potential use in plastic/flexi-electronic applications.

5.1 3D Printing

The TpOx-2-Nap was incorporated into a 3D printable resin and printed into a disc. The disc maintained fluorescent (Figure 7a), revealing the TpOx-Rs are amenable to relatively high-temperature processing. Indeed TGA analysis of the TpOx-Ar derivatives reveals thermal stability up to at least 250 ^oC (Figure 7b).

Figure 7. (a) A 3D-printed disc with TpOx-2-Nap doped resist and (b) the TGA curves of the TpOx-Ar derivatives showing the thermal stability. (Figure 7a courtesy of Dr Simon Leigh, University of Warwick).

5.2 Spin Coating

Solutions of PMMA incorporating 0.05wt% - 10wt% of TpOx-2-Nap were spin coated to a film thickness of ~480 nm. Film fluorescence was observed across all concentrations (Figure 8a). As the doping concentration increased from 0.05wt% to 2wt%, there was a red shift in the emission λ_max from 467 nm to ~490 nm, after which the fluorescence λ_max remained constant at ~490 nm (Figure 8b), which was ~4nm bluer than the solution-based fluorescence.

Figure 8. (a) Spin coated PMMA films doped with TpOx-Ph and (b) their fluorescence spectra revealing emission dependence on the TpOx-2-Nap doping level.

6. Chemo-Sensing

The Triphenoxazoles fluorescent properties makes them interesting materials for chemo-sensors, by either:

1. modulating the fluorescent colour, or
2. switching off the fluorescence when exposed to an analyte.

Below we report three different systems that are sensitive to protons, cations and π-electron poor aromatics.

6.1 Protons

TpOx-Ph-m-NMe₂ has a protonatable aromatic amine as the aryl appendage. In the unprotonated neutral state, the -NMe₂ moiety will act as a π-electron donor into the phenyl moiety, whereas once protonated the ammonium cation will act as an inductively coupled electron withdrawing (-I) group, and hence modify the electronics of the aryl appendage significantly. This protic modification and the fluorescent response were probed via a trifluoroacetic acid titration (Figure 9). The emission λ_max of unprotonated TpOx-Ph-m-NMe₂ (457 nm) was red shifted as the pH fell, plateauing at ~520 nm.

Figure 9. TpOx-Ph-m-NMe₂ emission modulation as a function of [H+].

6.2 Cations

TpOx-B15C5 was designed to introduce a cation binding motif on to the aryl appendage, via the bezo-15-crown-5 crown unit. Several metal cations were added to a solution of TpOx-B15C5 (Fluorescence λ_max = 470 nm) which saw red shifts upon addition of the Li⁺ and Mg²⁺ cations to ~480, and 490 nm, respectively (Figure 10).

Figure 10. TpOx-B15C5 emission response and solutions under UV light to several cations.

6.3 Electron Poor Aromatics

The sensing of electron poor aromatics is important, as compounds, such as TNT, are explosives. Thus, experiments were performed to examine the sensitivity of the TpOx-Ars to the electron poor nitro-benzyl alcohol (Figure 11). In all cases, the fluorescence was quenched upon addition of the nitro-benzyl alcohol.

Figure 11. TpOx-Ar emission response to 3-nitro-benyzl alcohol.

7. Bio-Imaging: Multiphoton Microscopy

A aqueous perfusate of TpOx-2-Nap (1mg mL^-1) was perfused into an ex-planted liver and interrogated with multiphoton microscopy using an 825 nm excitation source. Figures 12a and b show that not only have the hepatocytes (stained with a commercial red membrane stain) been infiltrated by the TpOx-2-Nap (diffuse green fluorescence), but also the T-cells coursing through the vasculature have also been infiltrated (bright green fluorescence, Figure 12a)

Figure 12. (a) Multiphoton microscopy images of liver section perfused with TpOx-2-Nap, and (b) image of liver vasculature made possible by the retention of TpOx-2-Nap in the hepatocytes. (Figures courtesy of Dr Zania Stamataki and Dr Scott Davies, University of Birmingham).

8. ChromaTwist Triphenoxazole Materials Available from MilliporeSigma

Figure 13 provides an overview of ChromaTwist Triphenoxazole materials available for purchase. Tables 2 and 3 list their photophysical and liquid crystalline properties. The 18 data sheets reveal the absorption and emission spectra, together with an image of the fluorescence colour in solution (ethyl acetate) and the optical polarising microscopy image of each material in its liquid crystalline phase.

Figure 13. Available Triphenoxazoles materials.

Table 2. Photophysical properties of Triphenoxazoles and corresponding fluorescent images of EtOAc solutions (10^-6 M).

TpOx-R	Absorption λmax	Extinction Coefficient	Emission λmax	QY	Lifetime	Brightness	Stokes shift
	(nm)	(M-1cm-1)	(nm)		(ns) [X2]	(M-1CM-1)	(nm)	[cm-1]
TpOx-n-Bu	281	161,000	367	0.18	5.8	28980	86	8339
TpOx-n-Non	281	160,000	366	0.18	—	28800	85	8265
TpOx-Ph	270	117,000	464	0.55	5.36 [1.30]	64350	194	15485
TpOx-Ph-opo-3F	270	99,000	495	0.46	6.65 [1.22]	45540	225	16835
TpOx-Ph-o-Cl	271	61,000	499	0.53	6.49 [1.22]	32330	228	16860
TpOx-Ph-m-CF3	271	73,000	503	0.48	7.07 [1.31]	35040	232	17020
TpOx-Ph-p-CF3	271	104,000	526	0.51	7.31 [1.25]	53040	255	17889
TpOx-Ph-o-Me	270	89,000	460	0.61	4.85 [1.34]	54290	190	15298
TpOx-Ph-m-Me	270	134,000	463	0.56	5.15 [1.34]	75040	193	15439
TpOx-Ph-p-Me	270	99,000	455	0.54	4.69 [1.31]	53460	185	15059
TpOx-Ph-p-OMe	270	97,000	440	0.40	4.08 [1.37]	38800	170	14310
TpOx-B15C5	270	86,000	457	0.43	4.23 [1.37]	36980	187	15155
TpOx-Ph-m-CN	271	90,000	515	0.51	7.33 [1.21]	45900	244	17483
TpOx-Ph-p-CN	272	103,000	558	0.32	5.55 [1.27]	32960	286	18844
TpOx-1-Nap	275	117,000	510	0.48	6.01 [1.13]	56160	235	16756
TpOx-2-Nap	272	167,000	494	0.55	5.45 [1.19]	91850	222	16522
TpOx-2-An	272	104,000	536	0.51	6.54 [1.17]	53040	264	18108
TpOx-p-BiPh	270	125,000	490	0.61	5.40 [1.27]	76250	220	16629

Table 3. Liquid crystalline onset and clearing temperature of Triphenoxazoles (data obtained from DSC and OPM*)(^†Birefringent solid phase).

Compound	Heating		Cooling
	Cr-(X)-Colh	Colh-I	I-Colh	Colh-Cr
TpOx-n-Bu	95 (99)	141	137	59
TpOx-n-Non	59*	116*	109*	40*
TpOx-Ph	103 (110)	189	183	78
TpOx-Ph-opo-3F	94 (105)	198	193	43
TpOx-Ph-o-Cl	89	148	143	51
TpOx-Ph-m-CF3	132*	243*	238*	<22*†
TpOx-Ph-p-CF3	145*	281*	276*	<74*†
TpOx-Ph-o-Me	93*	187*	186*	46*
TpOx-Ph-m-Me	115*	190*	187*	78*
TpOx-Ph-p-Me	107*	190*	187*	69*
TpOx-Ph-p-OMe	115*	186*	184*	85*
TpOx-B15C5	—	—	—	—
TpOx-Ph-m-CN	<22*	253*	250*	<22*
TpOx-Ph-p-CN	<22*	275*	268*	<22*
TpOx-1-Nap	88 (96)	197	196	152
TpOx-2-Nap	86 (96)	168	161	43
TpOx-2-An	162	185	151	83
TpOx-p-BiPh	123*	208*	206*	43*

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