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  • Electrochemical preparation of nanostructured lanthanum using lanthanum chloride as a precursor in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ionic liquid.

Electrochemical preparation of nanostructured lanthanum using lanthanum chloride as a precursor in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ionic liquid.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP (2015-01-16)
Q B Zhang, C Yang, Y X Hua, Y Li, P Dong
ABSTRACT

Nanostructured lanthanum was electrochemically prepared on a platinum (Pt) substrate in the room temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (BMI-DCA) containing anhydrous LaCl3 at 333 K. The electrochemical reduction behavior of La(iii) was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry techniques. Cyclic voltammogram revealed that the reduction of La(iii) in BMI-DCA involved an irreversible process controlled by diffusion. Chronoamperometric transient analysis confirmed the diffusion controlled electrodeposition process with the diffusion coefficient of La(iii) species in the range of 10(-10) cm(2) s(-1). The strong complexing capability of DCA(-) anions facilitated the displacement of chloride ligands and induced the solubility of LaCl3. The subsequent coordination of La(iii) and DCA(-) anions forming [La(DCA)4](-) complex anions was monitored by designing amperometric titration experiments. Potentiostatically deposited La-deposits with different nanostructures were characterized by SEM, XRD and XPS analyses. The electrodeposition potential was found to play an important role in controlling the nucleation and growth kinetics of the nanocrystal during the electrodeposition process. Depending on the deposition potential, metallic lanthanum with either nanoparticles or nanoporous structures was obtained.

MATERIALS
Product Number
Brand
Product Description

Sigma-Aldrich
Ethanol, absolute, denaturated with 0.5-1.5 Vol.% 2-butanone and approx. 0.001% Bitrex (GC), ≥98% (GC)
Sigma-Aldrich
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, ≥98%
Supelco
Ethanol solution, certified reference material, 2000 μg/mL in methanol
Sigma-Aldrich
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, for catalysis, ≥98.5% (HPLC)
Sigma-Aldrich
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, ≥99.0% (HPLC)
USP
Dehydrated Alcohol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethanol, anhydrous, denatured
Sigma-Aldrich
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, ≥98.0% (HPLC)
Sigma-Aldrich
1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, ≥97.0% (HPLC)
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethanol, purum, absolute ethanol, denaturated with 4.8% isopropanol, A15 IPA1, ≥99.8% (based on denaturant-free substance)
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethanol, purum, fine spirit, denaturated with 2% 2-butanone, F25 MEK1, ~96% (based on denaturant-free substance)
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethanol, purum, fine spirit, denaturated with 4.8% methanol, F25 METHYL1, ~96% (based on denaturant-free substance)
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethanol, purum, absolute ethanol, denaturated with 1% cyclohexane, A15 CYCLO1, ≥99.8% (based on denaturant-free substance)
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethanol, ACS reagent, prima fine spirit, without additive, F15 o1
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 200 proof, for molecular biology
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 190 proof, for molecular biology
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 200 proof, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethanol, purum, absolute ethanol, denaturated with 2% 2-butanone, A15 MEK1, ≥99.8% (based on denaturant-free substance)
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 190 proof, ACS spectrophotometric grade, 95.0%
Supelco
Ethanol, standard for GC
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethanol, purum, secunda spirit, denaturated with 2% 2-butanone, S15, ~96% (based on denaturant-free substance)
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethanol, for residue analysis
Sigma-Aldrich
Ethanol, tested according to Ph. Eur.