药物递送
药物递送指施用药物或药品及其他异生物质的方法或过程,以达到治疗人类或动物的效果。各种药物递送技术通过影响药物化合物的吸收、分布、代谢和消除(ADME),提高预期作用部位的治疗效果,同时将可能的不良反应降至最低。
医药和生物技术的发展促使研究者研发出大量候选新药,由于生物利用度有限、稳定性差和溶解度低的原因,许多候选新药未通过临床前评估。为了让药物能以适当的时间和速率在目标部位递送所需剂量,改善药物的药代动力学和药效学,研究人员对药物递送系统(DDS)进行了广泛的研究和开发。研发出了新型DDS,如纳米颗粒和微粒、透皮贴剂、吸入器,药物储库植入物和抗体-药物结合物,以满足先进的治疗需求,这些治疗需求包括控释、靶向递送、溶解度提高、按需激活和新的给药途径(例如透皮给药、经眼给药、经鼻给药)。DDS的适当选择取决于药物特性、期望的释放速率、期望的作用部位和给药途径。
纳米技术的发展极大改善了药物设计,使靶向、安全即有效的纳米颗粒(NP)药物制剂问世成为可能。纳米药物递送系统在改善疏水性药物溶解度、提高药物生物分布和药代动力学以及提供靶点优先积累方面显示出巨大潜力。
纳米递送系统可以设计成药物在颗粒表面吸收或结合、包裹在核心中或溶解在颗粒基质内。在颗粒表面引入靶向部分,可以将负载药物的纳米颗粒进一步靶向至特定疾病部位。一些纳米载体,如脂质体、聚合物胶束、树状聚合物、聚合物-药物结合物、无机纳米颗粒和碳基纳米材料已用于药物递送剂型中。脂质体是最常见且经过充分研究的纳米载体,而聚合物纳米颗粒则成为药物递送中最具创新性的一种方式。天然聚合物和生物相容性合成聚合物均用于制备聚合物药物递送纳米颗粒。
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