Pimozide augments bromocriptine lethality in prolactinoma cells and in a xenograft model via the STAT5/cyclin D1 and STAT5/Bcl‑xL signaling pathways.

As hyperprolactinemia is observed in patients with bromocriptine‑resistant prolactinoma, prolactin (PRL) has been implicated in the development of bromocriptine resistance. Since PRL primarily mediates cell survival and drug resistance via the Janus kinase‑2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A (STAT5) signaling pathway, the STAT5 inhibitor, pimozide, may inhibit cell proliferation and reverse bromocriptine resistance in prolactinoma cells. In the present study, compared with bromocriptine or pimozide alone, the combination of pimozide and bromocriptine exerted enhanced reduction in cell growth and proliferation, and increased apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in bromocriptine‑resistant prolactinoma cells. A reduction in phospho‑STAT5, cyclin D1 and B‑cell lymphoma extra‑large (Bcl‑xL) expression levels were observed in cells treated with the combination of drugs. In addition, pimozide suppressed spheroid formation of human pituitary adenoma stem‑like cells, and reduced the protein expression of the cancer stem cell markers, CD133 and nestin. Pimozide did not exert any additional antitumor activity in STAT5‑knockdown primary culture cells of human bromocriptine‑resistant prolactinomas. Furthermore, Pimozide combined with bromocriptine treatment significantly reduced human prolactinoma xenograft growth. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses also demonstrated significant inhibition of cell proliferation and stem cell marker proteins in vivo. Collectively, these data indicated that pimozide treatment reduced prolactinoma growth by targeting both proliferating cells and stem cells, at least in part, by inhibiting the STAT5/Bcl‑xL and STAT5/cyclin D1 signaling pathways.