纳米颗粒和微米颗粒的合成
微米颗粒和纳米颗粒作为独特材料,在能源、医疗和环境等领域有着巨大的应用潜力。纳米颗粒指至少有一个物理维度小于100纳米的粒子。而微米颗粒指有一个物理维度约介于1至1000微米的粒子。尽管在宏观材料上组成相同,但由于尺寸效应,两种颗粒具有不同的光、电、热以及磁特性。研究人员已开发出多种合成两种颗粒的方法以便更好地控制适应于特定领域的属性、形状、组成和尺寸分布。
通常采用物理和化学方法来合成。物理方法通过缩小原材料尺寸合成颗粒,这就是所谓的自上而下的方法。通常需用到球磨、气体冷凝、电喷涂、光刻和热分解等物理技术。 而在很多化学方法中,粒子通常由在液相或气相化学反应中原子或分子前体通过成核和生长的方法合成,也就是所谓的自下而上的方法。微乳法、水热法、微流法、化学气相沉积、热解法及溶胶-凝胶法都是常用的化学合成方法。化学合成的纳米结构瑕疵更少,从而可以得到更复杂且更均匀的化学成分,且因易于扩展,所合成的生产成本低、速度快。
但上述技术费时费力,会产生有毒副产物,所以诸如利用微生物和植物提取物合成粒子的生物方法或绿色纳米颗粒合成法应运而生。这些方法可持续性好,可为生物医药和环境领域合成无毒环保的粒子。
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