样品纯化
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在实验室中,用于下游分析的样品通常使用以下一些最常用的纯化技术来进行制备。
透析
透析是一种纯化技术,可用于从样品中去除盐或其他低分子量分子,也可用于置换样品的缓冲液成分。作为一种被动技术,其需要使用大量的缓冲液。
缓冲液置换和脱盐
脱盐是一种从样品中去除盐和其他低分子量污染物的简单方法,还可用于在不同色谱步骤之前或之后进行缓冲液置换,以及快速去除试剂以终止反应。
组分分离沉淀
组分分离沉淀可用于从少量样品中去除总杂质。沉淀技术通过溶解度差异的原理进行组分分离。由于蛋白种类的疏水程度不同,因此盐浓度的增加可以增强蛋白之间的疏水相互作用并引起沉淀。
萃取
通过萃取制备样品涉及从复杂样品或大得多的样品中分离目标分析物。该过程能够去除可能阻塞HPLC和GC色谱柱的干扰样品组分,还可将分析物浓度提高100到5,000倍,从而显著提高检测灵敏度。作为选择性和特定样品制备的一个步骤,萃取有助于确保更可靠的色谱分析。萃取类型包括液-液萃取、固相萃取(SPE)和 固相微萃取(SPME)。
亲合色谱
亲和色谱法根据蛋白与已耦合到色谱基质的特定配体之间的可逆相互作用来对蛋白进行分离。该技术具有高度选择性,可进行高容量蛋白纯化。 选择适用于目标蛋白的合适配体,即可进行亲和色谱。
亲和色谱纯化涉及捕获和洗脱两个步骤。在捕获阶段,目标蛋白特异性和可逆地结合到固定在色谱基质上的互补配体上。该步目的是分离、浓缩和稳定目标产物,并保持其效力和活性。洗涤基质以除去未结合的物质后,可通过将条件改变为有利于洗脱的条件来回收所结合的靶蛋白。该过程中可以使用竞争性配体来进行洗脱,也可以通过改变pH值、离子强度或极性来进行非特异性洗脱。洗脱过程可以使目标蛋白以纯化和浓缩的形式进行收集。
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