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Solubility and thermodynamic function of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents.

Solubility and thermodynamic function of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents.

Food chemistry (2015-03-15)

Faiyaz Shakeel, Nazrul Haq, Nasir A Siddiqui

ABSTRACT

The solubility of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents namely water, ethanol, ethylene glycol (EG), ethyl acetate (EA), isopropanol (IPA), propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400), Transcutol, butanol-1 and butanol-2 was measured and correlated at T=(298-318)K. The resulting experimental data were correlated with the modified Apelblat and Van't Hoff models. Both the models showed good correlation of experimental solubility data with calculated ones with root mean square deviations in the range of (0.08-1.55)%. The mole fraction solubility of vanillin was observed highest in PEG-400 (4.29 × 10(-1) at 298 K) followed by Transcutol, EA, butanol-2, ethanol, EG, PG, IPA, butanol-1 and water from T=(298-318)K. The results of thermodynamic function in terms of dissolution enthalpy, Gibbs energy and dissolution entropy showed endothermic, spontaneous and entropy-driven dissolution of vanillin in all environmentally benign solvents.

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

Sigma-Aldrich

Propylene Glycol, meets USP testing specifications

Supelco

2-Butanol, analytical standard

Sigma-Aldrich

Propylene glycol, ≥99.5% (GC), FCC, FG

USP

Dehydrated Alcohol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard

Propylene glycol, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard

Supelco

2-Butanol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

1-Butanol, ACS reagent, ≥99.4%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., ≥99.5% (GC)

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, NF, ≥99% (GC)

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, histological grade, ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

2-Butanol, ReagentPlus^®, ≥99%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, Laboratory Reagent, ≥99.5%

USP

Acetone, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard

Supelco

Residual Solvent - Acetonitrile, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Supelco

Ethanol solution, certified reference material, 2000 μg/mL in methanol

Supelco

Propylene glycol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, suitable for HPLC, ≥99.8%

Sigma-Aldrich

2-Butanol, anhydrous, 99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

1,2-Propanediol, ReagentPlus^®, 99%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, Preparateur, ≥99.9% (GC), One-time steel-plastic (SP) drum

Sigma-Aldrich

1,2-Propanediol, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 200 proof, anhydrous, ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, biotech. grade, ≥99.93%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 200 proof, for molecular biology

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 190 proof, for molecular biology

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, suitable for DNA synthesis, ≥99.9% (GC)

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethyl alcohol, Pure, 200 proof, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. Ph. Eur., ≥99.5% (GC)