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Solubility and thermodynamic function of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents.

Solubility and thermodynamic function of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents.

Food chemistry (2015-03-15)

Faiyaz Shakeel, Nazrul Haq, Nasir A Siddiqui

ABSTRACT

The solubility of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents namely water, ethanol, ethylene glycol (EG), ethyl acetate (EA), isopropanol (IPA), propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400), Transcutol, butanol-1 and butanol-2 was measured and correlated at T=(298-318)K. The resulting experimental data were correlated with the modified Apelblat and Van't Hoff models. Both the models showed good correlation of experimental solubility data with calculated ones with root mean square deviations in the range of (0.08-1.55)%. The mole fraction solubility of vanillin was observed highest in PEG-400 (4.29 × 10(-1) at 298 K) followed by Transcutol, EA, butanol-2, ethanol, EG, PG, IPA, butanol-1 and water from T=(298-318)K. The results of thermodynamic function in terms of dissolution enthalpy, Gibbs energy and dissolution entropy showed endothermic, spontaneous and entropy-driven dissolution of vanillin in all environmentally benign solvents.

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

Supelco

Acetone, analytical standard

Propylene glycol, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, Laboratory Reagent, ≥99.5%

USP

Acetone, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard

Supelco

Acetone, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Supelco

1-Butanol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Vanillin, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard

Supelco

Mettler-Toledo Calibration substance ME 51143093, Vanillin, traceable to primary standards (LGC)

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, NF, ≥99% (GC)

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, histological grade, ≥99.5%

Supelco

Vanillin, certified reference material, TraceCERT^®, Manufactured by: Sigma-Aldrich Production GmbH, Switzerland

Supelco

Residual Solvent - Acetonitrile(solution in DMSO), Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Supelco

Dehydrated Alcohol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Supelco

Propylene glycol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Supelco

Vanillin melting point standard, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Sigma-Aldrich

1-Butanol, 99%

Sigma-Aldrich

Vanillin, ≥97%, FCC, FG

Supelco

Ethanol solution, certified reference material, 2000 μg/mL in methanol

Sigma-Aldrich

2-Butanol, anhydrous, 99.5%

Supelco

2-Butanol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Supelco

2-Butanol, analytical standard

Sigma-Aldrich

1-Butanol, 99.9%

Sigma-Aldrich

1-Butanol, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., ≥99.5% (GC)

Sigma-Aldrich

1-Butanol, anhydrous, 99.8%

Sigma-Aldrich

1-Butanol, suitable for HPLC, ≥99.7%

Sigma-Aldrich

1-Butanol, for molecular biology, ≥99%

Sigma-Aldrich

1-Butanol, ACS reagent, ≥99.4%

Supelco

1-Butanol, analytical standard