How aluminum, an intracellular ROS generator promotes hepatic and neurological diseases: the metabolic tale.

How aluminum, an intracellular ROS generator promotes hepatic and neurological diseases: the metabolic tale.

Cell biology and toxicology (2013-03-07)

Sungwon Han, Joseph Lemire, Varun P Appanna, Christopher Auger, Zachary Castonguay, Vasu D Appanna

ABSTRACT

Metal pollutants are a global health risk due to their ability to contribute to a variety of diseases. Aluminum (Al), a ubiquitous environmental contaminant is implicated in anemia, osteomalacia, hepatic disorder, and neurological disorder. In this review, we outline how this intracellular generator of reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggers a metabolic shift towards lipogenesis in astrocytes and hepatocytes. This Al-evoked phenomenon is coupled to diminished mitochondrial activity, anerobiosis, and the channeling of α-ketoacids towards anti-oxidant defense. The resulting metabolic reconfiguration leads to fat accumulation and a reduction in ATP synthesis, characteristics that are common to numerous medical disorders. Hence, the ability of Al toxicity to create an oxidative environment promotes dysfunctional metabolic processes in astrocytes and hepatocytes. These molecular events triggered by Al-induced ROS production are the potential mediators of brain and liver disorders.

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

IRMM523C

Aluminum, IRMM^®, certified reference material, 1.0 mm wire

IRMM523B

Aluminum, IRMM^®, certified reference material, 1.0 mm foil

11009

Sigma-Aldrich

Aluminum, powder, ≥91% (complexometric)

749036

Sigma-Aldrich

Aluminum, sputtering target, diam. × thickness 3.00 in. × 0.125 in., 99.9995% trace metals basis

GF84145462

Aluminum, microfoil, disks, 25mm, thinness 1.0μm, specific density 269.9μg/cm², permanent mylar 3.5μm support, 99.999%

GF85983205

Aluminum, microleaf disks, 25mm, thinness 1.0μm, specific density 269.9μg/cm², removable support, 99.999%

GF52495500

Aluminum, tube, 0.1m coil, as drawn, outside diameter 0.30mm, inside diameter 0.2mm, wall thickness 0.05mm, 99.5%

GF94706354

Aluminum, mesh, 150x150mm, nominal aperture 0.38mm, wire diameter 0.25mm, 40x40 wires/inch, open area 37%, plain weave mesh

GF41557035

Aluminum, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.025mm, as drawn, 99.0+%

GF48732532

Aluminum, wire reel, 5m, diameter 0.25mm, as drawn, 99.999%

GF78825998

Aluminum, wire reel, 5m, diameter 3.0mm, as drawn, 99.999%

GF65371327

Aluminum, wire reel, 50m, diameter 0.5mm, as drawn, 99.5%

GF48396730

Aluminum, wire reel, 50m, diameter 1.0mm, as drawn, 99.999%

310360

Sigma-Aldrich

Aluminum, ACS reagent, 99%, wire, wire diam. ~1.5 mm

266523

Sigma-Aldrich

Aluminum, ReagentPlus^®, beads, 5-15 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis

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Aluminum, foam, 300x400mm, thickness 6.35mm, bulk density 0.2g/cm³, porosity 0.93, aluminum 6101 grade, 98.5%

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GF31987525

Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 10mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm³, phenolic adhesive (resin), 99.5%

GF03467202

Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 52.3mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm³, phenolic adhesive (resin), facing skin glass fiber 0.75mm, 99.9%

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GF37306267

Aluminum, foam, 150x150mm, thickness 6.35mm, bulk density 0.2g/cm³, porosity 0.93, 2 pores/cm, aluminum 6101 grade, 98.5%

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Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 13.9mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm³, phenolic adhesive (resin), facing skin aluminum 0.55mm, 99.9%

GF10029596

Aluminum, foam, 150x150mm, thickness 6.35mm, bulk density 0.2g/cm³, porosity 0.93, 8 pores/cm, aluminum 6101 grade, 98.5%

GF96312326

Aluminum, honeycomb, 600x600mm, thickness 26.5mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm³, phenolic adhesive (resin), facing skin carbon fiber / epoxy, 99.9%

GF87997000

Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 20mm, cell size 4.8mm, cell wall 0.038mm, core density 0.070g/cm³, phenolic adhesive (resin), 99.5%

GF98440027

Aluminum, honeycomb, 600x600mm, thickness 10mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm³, phenolic adhesive (resin), 99.5%

GF33400224

Aluminum, honeycomb, 600x600mm, thickness 52.3mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm³, phenolic adhesive (resin), facing skin glass fiber 0.75mm, 99.9%

GF58771301

Aluminum, honeycomb, 600x600mm, thickness 5mm, cell size 13mm, cell wall 0.1mm, core density 0.062g/cm³, phenolic adhesive (resin), 99.5%

GF23840221

Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 26.5mm, cell size 6.3mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.083g/cm³, phenolic adhesive (resin), facing skin aluminum 0.55mm, 99.9%

GF86118969

Aluminum, honeycomb, 300x300mm, thickness 5mm, cell size 19mm, cell wall 0.064mm, core density 0.029g/cm³, phenolic adhesive (resin), 99.5%