Physiological responses of plants and mites to salicylic acid improve the efficacy of spirodiclofen for controlling Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on greenhouse tomatoes.

Salicylic acid (SA) is a signaling molecule that can induce plant resistance to certain herbivores. Although the role of jasmonic acid in mediating mite-tomato plant interactions has been well studied, the role of salicylic acid has not. This study examined how the application of exogenous SA, via its effects on tomato plant physiology, alters the activity of mite digestive enzymes, mite energy reserves, and mite susceptibility to spirodiclofen. Enzymatic activity-including superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase-along with contents of total phenolic, hydrogen peroxide, and total chlorophyll significantly increased in plants 24 h after treatment with 2 mM of SA. In contrast, catalase activity significantly decreased in treated plants, and malondialdehyde content was unaffected. Mites fed on tomato plants treated with SA had significantly lower glutathione S-transferase, esterase, α-amylase, and aminopeptidase activities than those fed on control plants. Energy reserve analyses demonstrated a significant decrease in contents of lipid, protein, and glycogen in mites fed on SA-treated plants, whereas carbohydrate content significantly increased. The LC50 of spirodiclofen was decreased 1.8-fold for Tetranychus urticae fed on SA-treated tomato plants compared to controls. Treatment of adult mites with 2 mM SA on leaf discs did not cause any direct mortality after 24 h. Finally, a greenhouse bioassay confirmed that spider mite mortality following exposure to spirodiclofen was significantly higher on SA plants than on control plants. Mortality of mites exposed to half of the recommended rate of spirodiclofen was similar to those exposed to the recommended rate when they were held on treated plants. These results have valuable implications for T. urticae management programs in tomato production.