Fluorescent Retinoid Probes

Fluorescent retinoic acid analogues for use in cellular imaging, protein-ligand binding assays, and flow cytometry

Introduction to Fluorescent Retinoid Probes

LightOx fluorescent retinoid probes (Figure 1) are a family of synthetic analogues of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) that exhibit strong solvatochromatic fluorescence when excited with UV/violet light.¹ In a range of biological assays, LightOx fluorescent retinoid probes display comparable and, in some cases, more potent biological activity than ATRA and can therefore be used as effective replacements for ATRA in a broad range of assays, especially those involving retinoic acid receptors (RARs).^2–5 LightOx17 (Figure 2) is longer than the other analogues and does not exhibit retinoid activity and is supplied as non-bioactive fluorescent probe with similar characteristics to the other retinoid derivatives.

Figure 1. Chemical structures of LightOx fluorescent retinoid probes.

Figure 2. Chemical structure of non-bioactive LightOx fluorescent retinoid probe.

Photophysical properties

LightOx fluorescent retinoid probes can be excited by typical UV-A (e.g. DAPI filter set) and violet light sources (405 nm). The fluorescence emission is readily detected in a cellular environment using a fluorescence microscope, in cuvette-based experiments using a spectrophotometer, and in a well plate format using typical plate readers.

The absorption and emission characteristics are highly solvatochromatic (Figures 3-4). In particular the emission wavelength and intensity is highly dependent on the local environment: intense and blue-shifted in non-polar environments and weaker and red-shifted in polar environments. In microscopy experiments, for example, this enables the acquisition of environmental information in addition to localization behavior.¹

Figure 3. Absorption spectra of LightOx14 in a variety of solvents.

Figure 4. Fluorescence emission spectra of LightOx14 in a variety of solvents.

Retinoid Protein Binding Properties

The majority of the LightOx fluorescent retinoid probes exhibit high affinity binding for retinoid-binding proteins, including the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and cellular retinoic acid binding protein II (CRABPII) (Table 1) with the exception of LightOx17, which is a non-RAR binding control. This strong binding can be utilized for the development of competitive fluorometric binding assays, wherein the displacement of the fluorescent retinoid from a protein target can be monitored via fluorescence emission and used to determine the relative binding affinity of a competing ligand.

Table 1. Dissociation constants, Kd, determined via fluorometric titration of the fluorescent retinoids against cellular retinoic acid binding protein II (CRABPII).

Fluorescent retinoid probe	CRABPII Kd/nM
LightOx14	49.1 ± 2.6
LightOx17	≥875.0 ± 118.4
LightOx19	34.0 ± 2.5
LightOx21	124.8 ± 4.3
LightOx22	94.0 ± 3.7
LightOx23	385.4 ± 28.5
LightOx25	88.3 ± 2.1
LightOx26	51.6 ± 3.2

Figure 5. LightOx14 live-cell labeling of HaCaT epidermal keratinocytes. Cells in left and right panels were labelled for 60 minutes prior to imaging. Left: Nuclear labelling with LightOx14 detected in small clumps of proliferative cells. Right: LightOx14 detected in cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments in partially differentiated cells.

Preparation Instructions

LightOx fluorescent retinoid probes are highly soluble in DMSO and can be prepared as a stock solution up to a concentration of 10 mM.

Storage and Stability

LightOx fluorescent retinoid probes are light-stable and require no special precautions when used. Solutions in DMSO should be stored between 4 to -20 ^oC in the dark and have a shelf-life of around 6 to 12 months.

Safety and Disposal

Samples should be treated with bleach prior to disposal.

References

1. Chisholm DR, Tomlinson CWE, Zhou G, Holden C, Affleck V, Lamb R, Newling K, Ashton P, Valentine R, Redfern C, et al. 2019. Fluorescent Retinoic Acid Analogues as Probes for Biochemical and Intracellular Characterization of Retinoid Signaling Pathways. ACS Chem. Biol.. 14(3):369-377. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschembio.8b00916

2. Tomlinson CWE, Chisholm DR, Valentine R, Whiting A, Pohl E. 2018. Novel Fluorescence Competition Assay for Retinoic Acid Binding Proteins. ACS Med. Chem. Lett.. 9(12):1297-1300. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00420

3. Khatib T, Whiting A, Chisholm DR, Redfern C, Müller B, McCaffery P. 2019. A Bioluminescence Reporter Assay for Retinoic Acid Control of Translation of the GluR1 Subunit of the AMPA Glutamate Receptor. Mol Neurobiol. 56(10):7074-7084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-019-1571-9

4. Khatib T, Marini P, Nunna S, Chisholm DR, Whiting A, Redfern C, Greig IR, McCaffery P. 2019. Genomic and non-genomic pathways are both crucial for peak induction of neurite outgrowth by retinoids. Cell Commun Signal. 17(1): https://doi.org/10.1186/s12964-019-0352-4

5. Zolfaghari R, Mattie FJ, Wei C, Chisholm DR, Whiting A, Ross AC. 2019. CYP26A1 gene promoter is a useful tool for reporting RAR-mediated retinoid activity. Analytical Biochemistry. 57798-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2019.04.022

Contact Information

For the most recent information please visit https://lightox.co.uk/imaging-probes/.