Identification of RISC-associated adenoviral microRNAs, a subset of their direct targets, and global changes in the targetome upon lytic adenovirus 5 infection.

Adenoviruses encode a set of highly abundant microRNAs (mivaRNAs), which are generated by Dicer-mediated cleavage of the larger noncoding virus-associated RNAs (VA RNAs) I and II. We performed deep RNA sequencing to thoroughly investigate the relative abundance of individual single strands of mivaRNA isoforms in human A549 cells lytically infected with human adenovirus 5 (Ad5) at physiologically relevant multiplicities of infection (MOIs). In addition, we investigated their relative abundance in the endogenous RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISCs). The occupation of endogenous RISCs by mivaRNAs turned out to be pronounced but not as dominant as previously inferred from experiments with AGO2-overexpressing cells infected at high MOIs. In parallel, levels of RISC-incorporated mRNAs were investigated as well. Analysis of mRNAs enriched in RISCs in Ad5-infected cells revealed that only mRNAs with complementarity to the seed sequences of mivaRNAs derived from VA RNAI but not VA RNAII were overrepresented among them, indicating that only mivaRNAs derived from VA RNAI are likely to contribute substantially to the posttranscriptional downregulation of host gene expression. Furthermore, to generate a comprehensive picture of the entire transcriptome/targetome in lytically infected cells, we determined changes in cellular miRNA levels in both total RNA and RISC RNA as well, and bioinformatical analysis of mRNAs of total RNA/RISC fractions revealed a general, genome-wide trend toward detargeting of cellular mRNAs upon infection. Lastly, we identified the direct targets of both single strands of a VA RNAI-derived mivaRNA that constituted one of the two most abundant isoforms in RISCs of lytically infected A549 cells. Viral and cellular miRNAs have been recognized as important players in virus-host interactions. This work provides the currently most comprehensive picture of the entire mRNA/miRNA transcriptome and of the complete RISC targetome during lytic adenovirus infection and thus represents the basis for a deeper understanding of the interplay between the virus and the cellular RNA interference machinery. Our data suggest that, at least in the model system that was employed, lytic infection by Ad5 is accompanied by a measurable global net detargeting effect on cellular mRNAs, and analysis of RISC-associated viral small RNAs revealed that the VA RNAs are the only source of virus-encoded miRNAs. Moreover, this work allows to assess the power of individual viral miRNAs to regulate cellular gene expression and provides a list of proven and putative direct targets of these miRNAs, which is of importance, given the fact that information about validated targets of adenovirus-encoded miRNAs is scarce.