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  • Assessment of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic pharmaceuticals in seawaters of North of Portugal: occurrence and environmental risk.

Assessment of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic pharmaceuticals in seawaters of North of Portugal: occurrence and environmental risk.

The Science of the total environment (2014-12-08)
Aleksandar Lolić, Paula Paíga, Lúcia H M L M Santos, Sandra Ramos, Manuela Correia, Cristina Delerue-Matos
ABSTRACT

The occurrence of seven pharmaceuticals and two metabolites belonging to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics therapeutic classes was studied in seawaters. A total of 101 samples covering fourteen beaches and five cities were evaluated in order to assess the spatial distribution of pharmaceuticals among north Portuguese coast. Seawaters were selected in order to embrace different bathing water quality (excellent, good and sufficient). Acetaminophen, ketoprofen and the metabolite hydroxyibuprofen were detected in all the seawater samples at maximum concentrations of 584, 89.7 and 287 ng L(-1), respectively. Carboxyibuprofen had the highest seawater concentration (1227 ng L(-1)). The temporal distribution of the selected pharmaceuticals during the bathing season showed that, in general, higher concentrations were detected in August and September. The environmental risk posed by the pharmaceuticals detected in seawaters towards different trophic levels (fish, daphnids and algae) was also assessed. Only diclofenac showed hazard quotients above one for fish, representing a potential risk for aquatic organisms. These results were observed in seawaters classified as excellent bathing water. Additional data is needed in order to support the identification and prioritization of risks posed by pharmaceuticals in marine environment.

MATERIALS
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Product Description

Nimesulide, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
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Supelco
Ketoprofen, VETRANAL®, analytical standard
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Supelco
Acetonitrile, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
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Ketoprofen, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
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Supelco
Nimesulide, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
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USP
Residual Solvent Class 2 - Acetonitrile, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
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Sigma-Aldrich
Acetonitrile, electronic grade, 99.999% trace metals basis
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Supelco
1-Hydroxyibuprofen, VETRANAL®, analytical standard
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Naproxen, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
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Acetonitrile, ReagentPlus®, 99%
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Acetonitrile, suitable for HPLC-GC, ≥99.8% (GC)
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Acetonitrile, HPLC Plus, ≥99.9%
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USP
Ketoprofen, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
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Acetonitrile, for HPLC, for UV, ≥99.9% (GC)
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Acetonitrile, suitable for HPLC, gradient grade, ≥99.9%
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Sigma-Aldrich
Ketoprofen, meets USP testing specifications
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Ketoprofen, ≥98% (TLC)
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Acetonitrile, suitable for HPLC, gradient grade, ≥99.9%
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Acetonitrile, for preparative HPLC, ≥99.8% (GC)
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Acetonitrile, ≥99.5% (GC)
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Supelco
Ketoprofen, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
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Nimesulide for peak identification, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
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Acetonitrile, biotech. grade, ≥99.93%
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Naproxen, meets USP testing specifications
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